Abstract To evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in URTIs reporting to tertiary hospitals of Lahore. A cross-sectional study employing 259 culture sensitivity reports obtained from tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Using SPSS, descriptive statistics were used to estimate frequencies and percentages. In URTIs, S. aureus (5%) was the frequent gram-positive isolate followed by MRSA (1.5%) and MSSA (1.5%), while P. aeruginosa (15.8%) was the prevalent gram-negative isolate followed by Klebsiella (13.1%) and E. coli (6.9%). Against P. aeruginosa, ceftazidime (7.7%), cefuroxime/ceftriaxone (4.6%), amoxicillin (4.3%) and ciprofloxacin (4.2%), were tested resistant, while imipenem (11.2%), ciprofloxacin (9.2%), amikacin (9.2%), meropenem/ levofloxacin/gentamicin (8.1%) and piptaz (6.9%) were found sensitive. Against Klebsiella, carbepenems (7.3%), amikacin (6.5%), ciprofloxacin (5.4%) and gentamicin (5%) were tested sensitive, whereas, ceftazidime (8.5%), ceftriaxone (5.8%), cefaclor (5.5%), ampicillin (4.6%), co-amoxiclave (4.2%) and ciftazidime/ciprofloxacin (3.8%) were found resistant. Overall, imipenem (35%), meropenem (30.8%) and amikacin (31.9%) were the three most sensitive antibiotics, while ceftazidime (25.4%), ceftriaxone (19.2%) and ampicillin (18.5%) were the three most resistant antibiotics. Data suggested that P.aeruginosa and Klebsiella, were the most frequent bacterial isolates in URTIs of Lahore. These isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, but were sensitive to carbapenem and aminoglycosides.

RESUMO. Foi utilizada a análise conjunta da segregação (JSA) para o estudo da herança mista da resistência do trigo à ferrugem linear (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), a partir de seis populações (P1, F1, P2, RC1, RC2 e F2) obtidas de quatro cruzamentos de trigo (Hashim-08 × LU-26; Farid-06 × Shafaq; Parula × Blue Silver e TD-1 × D-97603), entre as safras 2009 e 2012. O efeito dos genes que controlam a resistência do trigo à ferrugem linear foi avaliado pela área formada sob a curva de progressão da doença (ASCPD). No cruzamento entre Hashim-08 e LU-26, o controle foi exercido por dois genes principais de efeito aditivo-dominante-epistático, mais o efeito de poligenes aditivos-dominantes-epistáticos (modelo E). No cruzamento Farid-06 × Shafaq, a resistência foi controlada por dois genes aditivos-dominantes principais e também por poligenes aditivos-dominantes (modelo E-2). No cruzamento Parula× Blue Silver, a ASCPD indicou uma resistência controlada por dois genes principais de efeito aditivo, dominante e epistático (modelo B-1). No cruzamento TD-1 × D-97603, a ASCPD permitiu inferir um controle decorrente da ação de um único gene maior, acrescido ao efeito de poligenes aditivos dominantes (modelo D-1). Considerando que o efeito dos genes principais sobre a variação genética e herdabilidade foi superior ao efeito dos poligenes, para todos os híbridos, a ASCPD dependeu principalmente da expressão dos genes maiores. O padrão genético indicado pela ASCPD permitiu concluir que a resistência do trigo à ferrugem linear foi decorrente da interação de um a dois genes principais com os poligenes.

ABSTRACT. Mixed inheritance analysis using joint segregation analysis (JSA) for stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) resistance was carried out in six basic populations (P1, F1, P2, BC1, BC2 and F2) of four wheat crosses (Hashim-08 × LU-26, Farid-06 × Shafaq, Parula × Blue Silver, TD-1 × D-97603) during crop season 2009 to 2012. Genes controlling stripe rust resistance were assessed by using area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The AUDPC was controlled by mixed two additive-dominant-epistatic major genes plus additive-dominant-epistasis of polygenes in cross Hashim-08 × LU-26 (model E), while in Farid-06 × Shafaq, it was controlled by mixed two major additive-dominant genes plus additive-dominant polygenes (model E-2). In cross Parula × Blue Silver, the AUDPC was managed by additive, dominance and epistasis of two major genes (model B-1), however, it was controlled by mixed one major gene and additive dominant polygenes in cross TD-1 × D-97603 (model D-1). Genetic variation and heritability was higher in major genes than polygene for all the crosses showing that AUDPC was mainly controlled by major genes. The genetic behavior of the AUDPC revealed that stripe rust resistance was controlled by mixed interaction of one to two major genes plus polygenes.